Hipoxemia e fatores de risco em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardiovascular: uma revisão de literatura

Abstract

Introduction: Hypoxemia is a pathological condition where the concentration of O2 in the blood is reduced. Its main mechanism of action is due to the reduction of oxygen in the pulmonary passage, making it a serious condition in hospital emergencies. Hypoxemia is one of the important complications of cardiovascular diseases in the postoperative period of heart surgeries, which represents the number one cause of deaths in Brazil between the years 1990 and 2019. General objective: Report which risk factors are most likely to develop hypoxemia after cardiovascular surgery. Specific objectives: To scrutinize which cardiovascular surgeries pose the greatest risk of developing post-operative hypoxemia, to describe which methods/techniques are used to treat hypoxemia, to analyze which physiotherapy techniques are used to treat hypoxemia. Methodology: This is an integrative literature review, research that took place in the months of October 2023 and April 2024, has a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive nature. Results: The main factors linked to the emergence of hypoxemia in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery are chronic smoking, BMI<25 and renal failure. CRV and AADS were the cardiac procedures with the most cases of hypoxemia due to their long duration and In almost all cases, use extracorporeal circulation. Final considerations: It is concluded that despite the variety of severity and individuality of each case, NIV and breathing exercises show excellent results in improving the cardiopulmonary function of patients, returning them to society without many complications.