Lesões bucais em pacientes pediátricos soropositivos: principais manifestações patológicas e implicações clínicas para o cirurgião-dentista

Abstract

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is characterized as an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus that mainly affects CD4 T lymphocytes, resulting in progressive immunosuppression. In Brazil, in 1980, the first confirmed pediatric patient with HIV was dated, with vertical transmission being the main form of contagion. The aim of the study is to point out the main clinical changes in the oral cavity in pediatric patients with HIV, as well as the therapeutic approaches and clinical implications for the dental surgeon. The study is characterized by being a literature review, therefore, descriptive and qualitative. Data collection was done through digital platforms, with the main search descriptors: “Oral Manifestations” “Oral Manifestations”; “HIV”; “Pediatric Dentistry” “Pediatric Dentistry”. Articles published between 2000 and 2021 were selected. It was noticed that the clinical manifestations and evolution of HIV are different depending on the phase in which the patient is causing opposite implications, some more serious in a shorter period of time. Oral tract lesions are strong indications of HIV involvement, as they are the main initial clinical signs to identify the disease itself that compromises the immune system of HIV-positive pediatric patients. The main manifestations that affect HIV-positive children are candidiasis, oral herpes, gingivitis, parotid hypertrophy, hairy leukoplakia, cervical lymphoedema, kaposi sarcoma and tooth decay. The importance of early diagnosis is highlighted, as the earlier the finding, the greater the impact on the quality of life of these patients.